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Displaying 120 of about 339 resultsEnvironmental degradation from conflict is defined as the reduction of the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological objectives and needs (UNISDR, 2009:6).
A tornado is a rotating column of air, extending from the base of a cumuliform cloud, and often visible as a condensation funnel in contact with the ground, and/or attendant circulating dust or debris cloud at the ground (WMO, 2017).
A tropical storm is a rapid rotating storm originating over tropical oceans. It has a low pressure centre and clouds spiralling towards the eyewall surrounding the ‘eye’. Its diameter is typically around 200 to 500 km, but can reach 1000 km. The related hazards are very violent winds, torrential rain, high waves, storm surges and in some cases tornadoes…
Glaze is a smooth compact deposit of ice, generally transparent, formed by the freezing of super-cooled drizzle droplets or raindrops on objects with a surface temperature below or slightly above 0°C (WMO, 2017).
Riverbank erosion is the removal of material from the banks of rivers when flowing water forces exceed bank resisting forces by the soil and vegetation, for example, when river levels are sufficiently high, primarily due to fluvial energy and atmospheric processes and secondarily because of the resultant geotechnical instability and consequential riverb…
Subsidence is a lowering or collapse of the ground (BGS, 2020). Uplift is the converse.
Ground fissures form in response to tensional stresses, most commonly in unconsolidated sediment, but also in rock (Arizona Geological Survey, 2020).
Ground shaking is the movement of the Earth’s surface from earthquakes. Ground shaking is produced by waves that travel through the earth and along its surface (USGS, no date).A volcanic earthquake is any earthquake that results from tectonic forces which occur in conjunction with volcanic activity (UN-SPIDER, no date).
A lava flow or lava dome is a body of lava that forms during an eruption, or main eruptive episode. Lava flows are outpourings of fluid, relatively low-viscosity molten rock, whereas a lava dome is a pile of relatively viscous lava that cannot flow far from the vent (Calder et al., 2015; Kilburn, 2015).
Tectonic uplift and subsidence are the distributed vertical permanent ground deformations (warping) that result from earthquake displacements on a dipping (inclined) fault (Styron, 2019). This includes changes to the shoreline as a result of uplift and subsidence.
Earthquake is a term used to describe both sudden slip on a fault, and the resulting ground shaking and radiated seismic energy caused by the slip, or by volcanic or magmatic activity, or other sudden stress changes in the Earth (USGS, no date).
Radio blackout is a prolonged period of fading or faded radio communications, primarily in the high frequency range from ionospheric changes because of increased solar activity, in particular solar flares of C-class level or higher on the sunlit side of Earth (AMS, 2018).
An ionospheric storm is defined as turbulence in the F region of the ionosphere, usually due to a sudden burst of radiation from the Sun (WMO, 1992).NB. The F region is the highest region of the ionosphere, at altitudes greater than 160 km (100 miles).
A meteorite is an object that survives a trip through Earth’s atmosphere and hits the ground (adapted from NASA, no date).
Deforestation is the conversion of forest to other land use independently of whether human-induced or not (FAO, 2020).