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Displaying 75 of about 301 resultsMangroves and the destruction of mangrove habitat is caused by both human and natural causes. Human activities in the form of farming, aquaculture, urban development and natural stressors such as erosion and extreme weather have driven mangrove habitat loss. The hazard of loss of mangroves and their ecosystem services has devastating socioeconomic and e…
Desertification refers to land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry subhumid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities (UNCCD, 2017).
Forest disturbance is the damage caused by any factor (biotic or abiotic) that adversely affects the vigour and productivity of the forest and which is not a direct result of human activities. It includes disturbance by insect pests, diseases, severe weather events and fires (FAO, 2018, 2020).
Saline soils are those which have an electrical conductivity of the saturation soil extract of more than 4 dS/m at 25°C (Richards, 1954). This value is generally used worldwide although the terminology committee of the Soil Science Society of America has lowered the boundary between saline and non-saline soils to 2 dS/m in the saturation extract (FAO, 1…
Substandard and falsified medical products are defined as those that may cause harm to patients and fail to treat the diseases for which they were intended (WHO, 2018).
Fungicides are chemicals that kill or slow the growth of fungi and their spores. They can be used on plants or other surfaces where mould or mildew grow (CDC, 2019).
Mercury is a naturally occurring element that is found in air, water and soil. Exposure to mercury – even small amounts – may cause serious health problems and is a threat to the development of the foetus in utero and for children early in life (WHO, 2017).
Shrimp acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is caused by virulent strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and related Vibrio species. AHPND-associated mortalities occur early in the production cycle, usually within 30 to 35 days of stocking, and because of this AHPND was initially referred to as early mortality syndrome (OIE, 2019).
African swine fever is a devastating haemorrhagic viral disease of pigs, affecting domestic and wild pigs of all ages and both sexes (FAO, OiE, and EC, 2019).
West Nile virus disease is a fatal neurological disease caused by a virus transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes. The virus is a member of the flavivirus genus and belongs to the Japanese encephalitis antigenic complex of the family Flaviviridae (WHO, 2017).
Peste des petits ruminants is a highly contagious and devastating disease of goats and sheep. The causative agent, Peste des petits ruminants virus is a member of the genus Morbillivirus, Family Paramyxoviridae and Order Mononegavirales (adapted from FAO, 2020a; OiE, 2020).
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia is a severe disease of goats caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumonIae (Mccp). The acute form of the disease is characterised by unilateral serofibrinous pleuropneumonia with severe pleural fluid (OIE, 2018).
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by MERS-Corona Virus (MERS-CoV) (WHO, 2019).
Lassa fever is a zoonotic disease associated with acute and potentially fatal haemorrhagic illness caused by Lassa virus. It is associated with epidemics particularly where it is endemic in Benin, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria (WHO, 2017).
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It is preventable and curable. In 2018, there were an estimated 228 million cases of malaria worldwide and the estimated number of malaria deaths stood at 405,000 (WHO, 2020).